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Washington spent the week testing just how far economic pressure can reach. Trump prepared a sweeping campaign against Iran, 50% tariffs hit Canadian goods and U.S. debt crossed $40 trillion — while an upset in Florida scrambled Democratic expectations. Here’s what mattered, and what could drive the week ahead.

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Week In Review

Washington Readied an 'Economic D-Day' for Iran (Developing)

Trump promised "the most crushing economic operation ever taken against any country" in a Truth Social post. Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent threatened secondary sanctions on any nation still trading with Tehran.

Iran's foreign minister called the campaign "economic terrorism" and said the country would not bend. Bessent set a Monday press conference to finally put numbers behind a week of threats.

The National Debt Passed $40 Trillion

Treasury data showed federal debt crossing $40 trillion on Wednesday, months ahead of forecasts. Deficits ran past $2 trillion for the year, and interest alone topped $1 trillion.

Interest became the government's second-largest expense, trailing only Social Security. Thirty-year mortgage rates neared 6.7% as long Treasury yields hit 19-year highs.

Trump's 50% Tariffs on Canada Took Effect

Negotiations collapsed Friday night, minutes before the deadline, and 50% tariffs hit $20 billion in Canadian goods. Dairy, alcohol, cement and hockey equipment all landed on the list.

Prime Minister Mark Carney called the move a miscalculation and promised retaliation starting September 8. Steel, appliances, electronics and farm equipment drew Canada's dollar-for-dollar response.

A Democratic Socialist Won Florida's Senate Primary

State Representative Angie Nixon beat Alex Vindman by double digits in Tuesday's Democratic primary. Vindman, the Trump impeachment witness, outspent her heavily and carried establishment backing.

Nixon credited "grassroots organizing" for the upset and rejected the party's national playbook. Republican Senator Ashley Moody now waits for her in November.

Experts Raised Alarms Over a Census Voting Report

Trump promoted a Census Bureau analysis claiming more than 24,000 noncitizens voted in 2020. NPR found the seven-page report had ties to the America First Policy Institute.

Election researchers disputed both the methodology and the conclusion. Publication by a federal statistical agency gave a contested claim official standing.

What’s Next

Warsh Makes His Jackson Hole Debut

Kevin Warsh will give his first Jackson Hole speech as Fed chair when the symposium convenes August 27–29. Markets will read every line for a signal on a September rate cut.

Trump Wants a Kim Jong Un Summit

Trump said this week he expects to meet North Korea's Kim Jong Un before the year ends. Pyongyang has not agreed, so watch for a date surfacing after the November 6 elections.

U.S. Oil Companies Return to Venezuela

Hunt Oil and SLB signed the first American contracts with Venezuela in nearly two decades. Whether larger producers follow depends on how stable the post-Maduro government looks this fall.

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Your Takeaway

Washington spent the week reaching for economic leverage while confronting the growing cost of its own choices. Trump threatened an unprecedented sanctions campaign against Iran and imposed 50% tariffs on Canadian goods, moves designed to force concessions but carrying obvious risks for trade, prices and diplomatic relationships.

At the same time, federal debt crossed $40 trillion, interest costs topped $1 trillion and long-term borrowing rates climbed high enough to make mortgages and business financing more expensive.

Politics delivered its own warning signs. Angie Nixon’s Florida primary victory showed that money and establishment backing do not guarantee Democratic voters will follow the national party’s preferred path, while the disputed Census report demonstrated how technical government data can quickly become ammunition in the fight over election legitimacy.

Taken together, these stories point to a government becoming more willing to use tariffs, sanctions and federal institutions as instruments of political strategy. The next test is whether those tools produce the intended results without creating larger economic and institutional costs along the way.

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Today's Trivia

The human brain uses a surprisingly large share of the body's energy despite making up only about 2% of total body weight. Roughly how much of the body's energy does the brain consume?

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That’s a wrap on Sunday. Thanks for spending part of your weekend with Five Minute Daily — forward this edition to a friend who wants to start Monday caught up, and we’ll see you tomorrow morning.

—The Five Minute Daily Team